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When initial in the cluster its glyph includes a cillu hook at the top right. As a medial consonant in the modern orthography it appears as a simple glyph to the left of the letters spoken before it. Conjunct forms are also expressed using stacked consonants, and conjoined consonants, where the chandrakkala is still used but hidden, and special chillu shapes.Īs part of a cluster, RA has special forms. Malayalam uses 36 basic consonant letters.Ĭonsonant clusters are typically indicated in modern Malayalam using the visible chandrakkala mark (virama), which indicates that no vowel follows a consonant. Generally, words are separated by spaces, however the number of characters between spaces can be quite high as sometimes spaces are used to indicate phonological pauses, rather than lexical boundaries. In particular, the vowels u/ū and r in 2nd position in a consonant were reduced from ligated forms to simple, unchanging glyphs alongside a consonant. Prior to the orthographic reform there were many more ligated forms. The Malayalam script was significantly simplified at the beginning of the 1970s.
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See the table to the right for a brief overview of features for the modern Malayalam orthography. Consonants carry an inherent vowel which can be modified by appending vowel-signs to the consonant. Sources: The Unicode Standard, Wikipedia.
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A significant change involved the introduction of a visible virama (chandrakkala) rather than conjunct forms, and simplification of a number of forms, including consonant plus -u/-uu combinations. In the 1970s and 1980s, Malayalam underwent orthographic reform due to printing difficulties. Throughout its history, it has absorbed words from Tamil, Sanskrit, Arabic, and English. Originally descended from Bhrami, the Malayalam script is a Vatteluttu alphabet extended with symbols from the Grantha alphabet to represent Indo-Aryan loanwords. It is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala. Malayalam script is used to write the Malayalam language of Kerala state, and spoken by 35 million people including the diaspora, and the script is used for another 10 minority languages, according to the Ethnologue.